Development of Linux
(Link to torrent at end of this page)
(Link to torrent at end of this page)
1986 Linus (Benedict) Torvalds programmed its own driver for
its floppy controller. He learned intensively hardware programming and became
better knowledge about his Sinclair computer with Q-DOS. Additionally he
provided his own programmer Tools. When 1991 the 386-Intel PC became modern, he
got one PC to learn about the programming of 386 CPUs. As operating system the
Unix derivate MINIX was used, he has know Unix already since 1990 from its
university. Minix was developed by Andrew Tanenbaum as learning system and was
particularly used at universities. The written book from A. Tanenbaum
"Operating Systems: Design and Implementation" is about operating
system concepts and Minix, which became the favourite book from Torvalds. The
source code of Minix is open source, any modifications are bound to the license
conditions.
Because he did not find the provided terminal emulator
program in Minix acceptable, he began his project to code his own and better
terminal emulator with more functions on hardware level. In addition he
programmed his own drivers for the data medium access and the file system and
others in assembler. With these functions the software becames the ability to
upload and download from the Internet. In the line of the development terminal
program got more and more functions so he made the decision to enhance it to a
operating system. Its operating system was derivated from concepts of Minix but
completely written from scratch beginning at the Kernel. After long programming
evenings it was so far. On 17th September 1991 the operating system Freax
version 0.01 was finished, as development environment was used still the MINIX
for 386 CPUs. It contained already the GNU Shell bash and the GNU C-compiler
GCC from Richard Stallman, which counts to the standard programs for the
meantime named operating system Linux. Because Linux profits particularly from
the GNU software pool, it is generally called GNU/Linux.
After approximately 6 months Freax was renamed in Linux.
Already on 3th July 1991 he had asked for the POSIX standards in the
minix-newsgroup, he presented on 25th August 1991 his project in public and
asked for suggestions for further functions and extensions. The source code was
made freely accessible by ftp. To communicate with other programmers and
interested people he used the Maylinglist
"Linux-activists@niksula.hut.fi" and the newsgroup
"comp.os.minix" for contact and progress messages. Later its own
Maylinglist and forums were created. In the line of the development he received
wished postcards from all over the world with thankfully words. The project has
got a strong self-dynamic in the InterNet and was maintained by the community.
The rights at the brand name Linux was transferred after a legal incident to
Linus Torvalds and later distributed on several persons to ensure the further
development and to avoid a "takeover by enemys". The symbol figure
"Tux the penguin" was selected because Torvalds was bitten by a
penguin in a Finnish zoo. The self-willed animal had impressed him in such a
way, which it gave to its operating system this guidance figure. At the
beginning Linux doesn`t contain any installation script or graphical
installation menu. To make the installation from Linux easier and automated
Owen LeBlanc from the Manchester Computing Centre published the MCC Interim
release, this was the key for the automated installation of today's
distributions.
Some operating system companies use the open development to
add new characteristics into the open source operating system as example the
file system support XFS by SGI. Linux and related operating systems are only
possible through the work of the InterNet Community that contains the support
of developers world-wide and increasingly development support by IT companies.
Therefore there are so-called developer kernel releases with odd version number
like 2.3 and stable releases with straight numbers like 2.4 for the stable use
for user and employment in companys. Matthias Ettrich announced the project
Kool Desktop Environment (KDE) in the Usenet posting of October 14th, 1996. The
GUI library Qt by Trolltech is used for the development. The first KDE main
release happens in July 1998, the second release in October 2000, the thirth
release in April 2002. The KDE desktop is besides gnome one of the most used
user interfaces.
According to estimations there is at the beginning of 2001
at least 10 million Linux user world-wide, tendency strongly rising. Since
about 1997/1998 Linux is regarded strengthened by the IT industry as
alternative operating system. In the years 2000/2001 the assumption is
expressed, that Linux can also replace the existing commercial Unix variants
gradually and wins further agreements. In the heterogeneous network Linux
co-operates by the native support of network protocols with Macintosh, Novell
and Windows.
The General Public License version 1 was founded 1989 of
Richard M. Stallmann. The GPL version 2 was written by the Free Software
Foundation in 1991, since then the Linux Kernel is put under this licence. The
final GPL version 3 came out on 2007-06-29. The license model GPL that Linux
underlies, offers to the developer extensive liberties and spreads transfers of
technology because the knowledge is open. By the open development code audits
constantly improve the quality of the source code. By code sighting from
various developers the software security is increased and the further
development doesn`t depend on probritary manufacturer. Many Linux derivatives
are available on the Websites of the Distributors and projects with ftp or HTTP
for free Download at no costs. By redundant Mirror servers the operating
systems are available in ISO images around the world.
A Distributor is usually a developer team that takes advance
from the Linux system core (Kernel) to offer a installation-able software
package. Beside the individually adaptable system core numerous additional
applications, driver and assistant are included, which can be installed and
configured with the own installation andsetup routine comfortably. Those
distributions are made available on the Internet as ISO image or to buy cheap
on CD-ROM or DVD medias. The taken money is needed for the developers and the
support. Often Linux distributor companies are actively in other open source
projects too.
In order to install a Linux distribution they exists
different ways of installation. The booting of the installation routine from
CD-ROM after the El-Torito standard, DVD, floppy disk (in the meantime rather
rare), by network or ftp server after the boot procedure are supported
directly. From the large and big offerers of Linux distributions profit small
distributors which are aligned to very special operational areas, like data
Recovery or software-routers.
30. May 2002: For the first time several large Distributoren
united to a large community (see News note). Under the name UnitedLinux was
created a common basis for the uniform development of a Linux distribution.
Elements of it are guidelines of the Linux standard base. All participants of
the partnership let its experiences in the business area and technical
knowledge flow together to rise up the market share in the server range. Final
desktop versions for customers are provided by each distributor separately. To
the Comdex in November 2002 the initiators presented the finished version 1.0
together. United Linux 1.0 is thereby LSB 1.2 and OpenI18N conformal and flows
in the future versions as standard. The Linux Standard Base 3.1 was published
at 2006-06-21. This definition sets new guidelines for desktop applications, a
own software development kit (SDK) and the certification for products to the
LSB 3.1.
The Linux distribution Yellow Dog is created by the company
Terra Soft. It was the first commercial Distribtuion for Apple G4 systems in
1999, followed of the support for the Playstation 3 of Sony for the first time
in 2006. Terra released the updated Yellow Dog Linux version 5.0.1 in May 2007.
This software based on the Fedora Core and uses the Enlightenment Window
Manager E17. It contains more than 500 updated programms, new is the support
for WLAN.
With Turbolinux version 11 the manufacturer Turbolinux walks
along new ways. The international version takes compatibility to Windows
applications and supports the ActiveDirectory service. KDE or Xfce are
available as a user interface, with CyberLink PowerDVD a commercial DVD player
software is enclosed. With the progression desktop for Turbolinux the user will
be able to migrate automatically data like e-mails and Office files from an
existing Windows installation for Turbolinux. Contained is also the Kernel
2.6.12, X.org 6.8.2, GCC 3.4.3, Glibc 2.3.5 and RPM 4.4.2.
The distribution based on Red Hat has her main field of
application in Asia. Since the foundation of Turbolinux Inc. 1992 the supply
was supplemented with commercial products and services. Turbolinux has strongly
developed and established himself by the extended support of large IT
enterprises. Since the beginning Turbolinux gives great importance to the
internationalization of the software and is primarily in the industry on
servers, but also on workstation. As a graphical surface were installed up to
version 6.0 gnomes as a standard includet, the following versions set as
standard the KDE desktop. RPM is used primarily as installation format.
Turbolinux
Turbolinux: date / version
1998 June / Turbolinux 1.0 (kyoto), Kernel 2.2.9
1999 May / Turbolinux 2.0 (okinawa), Kernel 2.2.13
1999 Juni / Turbolinux 3.0 (karatsu), Kernel 2.2.14
1999 Aug. / Turbolinux 4.0 (--), Kernel 2.2.15
2000 März / Turbolinux 4.2 (--), Kernel 2.2.17
2001 Aug. / Turbolinux 6.0 (--), Kernel 2.4.3
2001 Nov. / Turbolinux 7.0 (monza), Kernel 2.4.8
2002 May / Turbolinux 7.0S (esprit), Kernel 2.4.18
2002 Juli / Turbolinux 8.0 (silverstone), Kernel 2.4.19, gcc
3.2
2002 Okt. / Turbolinux 8.0S (vitamin), gcc 2.96, Kernel
2.4.18
2003 Okt. / Turbolinux 10D
2004 May / Turbolinux 10F
2004 Okt. / Turbolinux 10S
2006 May / Turbolinux 11
Lycoris Desktop/LX
Lycoris was founded in the year 2000 and resided in
Redmond/Washington. Based on Linux the Lycoris Desktop/LX has his strengths
primarily in the simplified installation and user guidance, at the boot process
only a small line of text indicates the consoles Shell.
Current version: build 75 (beta) test: July 2003
The installation routine of Lycoris desktop/LX (amethyst,
beta) is a instant set up, no package selection or details for the application
area are allowed. At least 850 MByte of free hard disk space are therefore
needed. The installation turns out very simple, according to detail of used
hardware (mouse, keyboard, network, printer,...) starts the installation and at
the same time a card game. Windowmanager is KDE 2.2.2, the Linux Kernel version
2.4.20 is used, the booting manager is grub that can boot other system
partitions too. After the restart the system is established and a detailed
ShockwaveFlash presentation starts with the english speaking introduction into
the Lycoris Desktop/LX. The DMA mode was already activated at all drives.
Different problems have been noticed because of the beta
status, in the final version they are maybe solved.
- nvidia graphics board doesn`t use 3D support
- Sound is palyed with noise and interruptions
- DVD playback isn`t reliably
On 09-13-04 Lycoris gave his Linux distribution Desktop/LX
in version 1.4 free for release. The new Linux Kernel 2.4.27 and KDE 3.2.3 are
contained.
FAUmachine
FAUmachine (formerly UMLinux) is open source and runs
completely in the user mode (not privileged CPU mode) of Linux. It can access
directly the hardware and is transparently for use to the host. The main memory
is provided virtually in a protected area. Depending on resources many UMLinux
systems can run at the same time.
Caldera Open Linux
Caldera, Inc. was founded in October 1994 by Bryan Sparks
and taken over in January 1995 as a society. In summer 1998 Caldera Inc. has
founded two subsidiary firms. Caldera Systems, Inc. responsible for the
development and sale of Linux based Linux products in his main area on the PC
market for desktop and servers computers like OpenLinux and Caldera Thin
Clients Inc. with focus at solutions for Thin clients and the market for
Embedded Systems like Embedix (embedded Linux OS) and DR DOS. In July 1999 the
second named company was renamed to Lineo, Inc..
Renaming in August 2002 in SCO Group, now offers UnixWare
and OpenServer products from the product take-over of SCO.
Corel Linux / Xandros
Corel Linux OS based on the Debian distribution this one has
found worldwide big encouragement. The Linux division of Corel was sold to the
Startup enterprise Xandros, inclusive of the developers in August 2001. Xandros
has his headquarter in Ottawa, Canada. Still this year (2002) Xandros wants to
publish the Xandros desktop OS 1.0 in a Standard, Deluxe and Server Edition.
Unusual feature opposite other distributions is the integrated CrossOver
Office, a special customization of the Wine project for the use of Microsoft
Office 97/2000. The Xandros Professional desktop 4.0 appeared in November 2006.
The standard file system is ext3 now, with CrossOver Microsoft Office can be
used, the programmes Open Office 2.0.3, Firefox 2.0 were updated and the search
tool Beagle is new.
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